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学术阅读文章对于很多同学来说是小托福阅读中的一个很难的部分，其中的学术性词汇备考难度很大。今天我们就以一篇考试真题文章为例为大家具体讲讲如何解决学术阅读文章的难点！
信息类文章，或以表达新观点并与老观点形成对比为意图，或以to persuade or convince readers为意图，或以解释科学理论发展为意图，或以评论社会现象等等为意图。
在考试中出现的学术性文章一般是议论文和说明文两种文体。我们简单概括为对文章做逻辑分析。
说明文文章结构非常清晰，一般文章会在开头直接提出要描述的对象，然后是描述其具体特征或是发展历史又或者是出现的原因及其影响。
这篇文章是关于冰箱的发展，一个我们需要感谢的伟大发明，不然人间少了冰淇淋的乐趣。关于作者的目的，当然是informthe reader咯
下面是关于这篇文章的背景介绍，我选取了两个文中涉及到的时间点：
1802
Thomas Moore, an American businessman, created a nice box to cool dairy products for transport. He called it a “refrigiratory” until he patented “refrigerator” in 1803.
In the early 1800s, more and more Americans movedinto cities, expanding the distance between the consumer and the source of thefood. The need for refrigeration was growing day by day.
1840S
The first iceboxes were made by carpenters, designed to take advantage of the regular household delivery of large blocks ofice. They were insulated wooden boxes lined with tin or zinc and used to holdblocks of ice to keep the food cool. A drip pan collected the melt water – and had to be emptied daily.
By the mid-ninetenthcetuny ,the term”icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was onlybeginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew wíth the growthof cities. Ice was used in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. After the Civil War (1861 -1865), ice came intohousehold use.Till 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of thatsold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because theicebox,a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making anfficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early ninetcenth century,people only had some basie knowledge of the physics of heat,which was very important to the science ofrefrigeration. Many people think that the best icebox was the one that prevented the ice from melting. Of course,this is wrong, for it was the melting of the ice that can cool things. Nevertheless, people use different ways to keep ice from melting too fast, for example, wrap the ice in blankets. At the end of the nineteenth century, inventors finally found a balance between saving the ice from melting tooquiekly and transporting them at the same time.
But as early as 1803, a clever Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned afarm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the vil of Gieorge town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own desien to transport his butterto market, he found that customers would pay the highest price for his butter,rsill fresh and hard. One advantage of his icebox, Moore expained,was that farmers would no longer have to travelto market at night in order to keep their product cool.
TIPS
有关历史文明的文章，会涉及到不同时间点。注意区分不同时间点应该做的事情。比如after the civial war, ice came into use. 或者till 1880, half the ice sold in New York...再或者as early as 1803, Thomas had been on the right track.
类似内容的阅读要注意：人名、地名、专业名词等，不认识，并不影响文章的阅读。
主题：重复词往往在第一段就提到，也就是icebox
文章的第一段讲到内战之后，icebox的出现使得冰开始投入家庭使用。
第二段提到了由于当时的人们对于基本的物理知识的缺乏，也就是遇到了如何让冰缓慢融化的问题，所以很难创造出一个effective icebox。
第三段提到了一个聪明的商人也就是Thomas Moore设计了一个独特的icebox能让黄油完好无损地运到市场上。
下面我们看细节题（evidence-basedquestions）
细节题错误选项特征：
与原文事实矛盾
原文内容未提及
与原文逻辑矛盾
所谓的细节题，不是随意选出的答案，而是我们需要citeevidence from the passage以及根据题目设计和常见的错误最后确认答案。
比如下面这道题：
Accordinto the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development ofthe icebox?
A.Competition among the restaurants
B.The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
C.The use of insufficient insulation
D.Inadequate understanding of physics
根据题目中的obstacle，我们定位到文章的第二段，当时人们遇到的困难是only had basic knowledge of the physics of heat也就是选项中的inadequate understanding of physics
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